Peonies (Shakuyaku) [芍薬] Series: Flower-Colored Papers (Hana Shikishi) [花色紙] Artist: Utagawa Kuniyoshi [歌川 國芳] (Japanese, 1798–1861) Signature: Chō-ō-rō Kuniyoshi ga (朝櫻楼 國芳 画) Publisher: Kojimaya Jūbei [小島屋 十兵衛] (Japanese, 1797 – 1869); seal 十, Marks 06-014 | 264a Date/Censorship Approval: Nanushi seal Yoshimura (吉村) for Yoshimura Gentarō (吉村 源太郎), VI/1843–XI/1846. Medium: Rigid fan print (Aiban Yoko-e Uchiwa-e, 合判横絵 団扇絵), 222 x 284 mm.

Interpretation of the Inscription in the Floral Cartouche

• 花色紙 (Hana Shikishi) – "Flower-Colored Paper" or "Decorative Shikishi Paper with Floral Motifs"
• 芍薬 (Shakuyaku) – "Peony", a flower symbolizing prosperity, beauty, and romance in Japanese culture
• 団扇絵 (Uchiwa-e) – "Round Fan Illustration" or "Picture on an Uchiwa (rigid fan)"

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Description & Symbolic Analysis

This print, part of the Hana Shikishi (Flower-Colored Papers) series, depicts a woman washing a basin after brushing her teeth. She is positioned behind an indigo-colored folding screen, adorned with a repeating pattern of distant pines, presented in reverse printing technique (wyabori, 捺ぼり). The screen is a visual separator, adding depth and an intimate atmosphere to the scene. The woman is portrayed in a three-quarter view, facing left, her face delicately contoured. She is dressed in a safflower-dyed kimono (furisode, 振袖) featuring an asanoha (麻の葉, hemp leaf) shibori pattern, a motif often associated with purity and protection. Over this, she wears an outer garment decorated with an indigo bamboo motif, symbolizing strength and resilience. Additionally, the garment features:

• Double gourd (瓢箪, hyōtan) symbolises longevity, fertility, and good fortune.
• Strips of paper resembling “next-morning letters” (kinuginu no fumi, 衣衣の文) – These evoke romantic correspondence or the written wishes of the Tanabata festival.
• Spools or reels of thread (chikiri, 糸巻き) – A motif reminiscent of Tanabata festival themes, often linked to the celestial lovers Orihime and Hikoboshi. The phonetic pun with chigiri (契り, vow or romantic promise) reinforces themes of marriage, fate, and lifelong bonds.

This alludes to the famous poem from the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu: 契りきな かたみに袖を しぼりつつ 末の松山 波越さじとは (Chigiriki na, katami ni sode o, shibori tsutsu, Sue no Matsuyama, nami koso sashi to wa) “Did we not vow, through tears, our sleeves wet with grief, that the waves would never break over the tip of Matsuyama?” This poem by Minamoto no Toshiyori (c. 1055–1129) expresses a promise of eternal love, comparing it to the unshakable Matsuyama mountain, which remains firm despite the waves.

Adornment & Hairstyling

Her elaborate hairstyle features a red hair tie (musubi, 結び), signifying youth and romantic allure. It is further adorned with:

• Golden kogai (笄) – A decorative hairpin, often used by courtesans or high-ranking women.
• Tama kanzashi (玉簪) – A ball-tipped ornamental hairpin, reinforcing her refined status.

These elements suggest she could be either a courtesan (oiran, 花魁) or an upper-class woman.

Objects in the Scene & Their Symbolism

The woman is holding a traditional Japanese toothbrush (fusa-yōji, ふさ楊枝) in her right hand, while pouring out water from the basin after brushing her teeth. This act symbolizes purity and preparation for intimacy. To her right, an ornate lacquered writing box (suzuribako, 硯箱) is placed near an inkstone (硯, suzuri). This object could also be interpreted as a dreamstone (梦石, mèng shí), a scholar’s object associated with nostalgia, love, or secret communication.

Context in Ukiyo-e Tradition

Tooth brushing was uncommon in bijin-ga (美人画, "beautiful woman prints"). Ukiyo-e frequently depicted women engaging in personal grooming rituals, reflecting ideals of elegance and self-care in Edo-period culture.

Otake Kokkan (1880-1945)

Utagawa Kunisada (1786–1865)

Ryūryūkyo Shinsai fl. c. 1799–1823)

Two additional fan prints from the Hana Shikishi series have been identified and can be found at the Kuniyoshi Project website:

1. Morning Glory (Asagao, 朝顔)
2. Clematis (Tessen, 鉄線)

Morning Glory (Asagao, 朝顔)	Clematis (Tessen, 鉄線)

These prints, like Peonies (Shakuyaku), emphasize seasonal beauty and feminine refinement, themes central to Kuniyoshi’s bijin-ga oeuvre.

Artist: Utagawa Sadahide [歌川貞秀] (Japanese, 1807 – 1879). Signed: Gountei Sadahide ga [五雲亭貞秀画] (Picture by Gountei Sadahide). Publisher: Ibaya Senzaburō [伊場屋仙三郎] (Japanese, c. 1815 – 1869); seal 三 in a circle Published: 1830s – no date seal, no censor seal (privately printed?) Media: Fan print (uchiwa-e, 団扇絵), 235 x 298 mm Inscriptions in kanji with furigana readings: Top right: "The Handy Type" (手があり相, te ga ari sō) – A composed woman adjusting her clothing. Bottom right: "Images of Manners" (風ぞくが, fūzokuga) – Possibly referring to depictions of etiquette or courtesan behaviour. The additional phrase 宵闇 (yoyami) 相 (sō) suggests a connection to nighttime activities. Centre: "The Proper Type" (きまり相, kimari sō) – A well-dressed woman seated elegantly, signifying a composed demeanour. Top left: Unclear reading (ほう☆し そう or ☆ほし そう) – Possibly related to 奉仕 (hōshi, "service" or "devotion"), implying attentiveness or subservience. Bottom left: "The Popular Type" (はやり相, hayari sō) – A fashionable woman wearing a partially veiled head covering, reflecting contemporary trends. Thanks to Horst Graebner.

Ichikawa Danjūrō VII [市川団十郎] and Iwai Kumesaburō II [岩井粂三郎] as Kinugawa Iemon [絹川伊右衛門] and Tōfuya Kasane [とうふやヶさね], resp., in kabuki play Banzei okuni kabuki [万歳阿国歌舞妓], performed at Ichimura Theatre [市村座] on March, 21, 1827. References: Kunisada Project; Waseda University. Ichikawa Danjūrō VII [市川団十郎] (Japanese, 1791 – 1859); other names: Ichikawa Ebizō V, Ichikawa Hakuen II, Ichikawa Shinnosuke I. Iwai Hanshirō VI [[岩井半四郎] (Japanese, 1799 – 1836); other names: Iwai Hanshirō VI, Iwai Kumesaburō II, Iwai Hisajirō I, Baiga (poetry name), Shūka (poetry name). Artist: Utagawa Kunisada [歌川 国貞], a.k.a. Utagawa Toyokuni III [三代 歌川 豊国] (Japanese, 1786 – 1865). Signed: Gototei Kunisada ga [五渡亭國貞画]. Publisher: Ibaya Senzaburō [伊場屋仙三郎] (Japanese, fl. 1790s-1860s). Date seal and aratame seal: boar (亥), Bunsei 10 – 1827. Untrimmed fan print (aiban yoko-e uchiwa-e), 235 x 270 mm. Ichimura-za Kabuki Playbill (Tsuji banzuke):    

Series: Moon and sun shells for tomobiki (Tsukihigai ataru tomobiki) [月日貝あたるともびき] – hiragana inscription in the red cartouche. According to Kuniyoshi Project, Tomobiki (友引) is a fortuitous day for conducting business. There are also other meanings of the same notion of 友引. Artist: Utagawa Kuniyoshi [歌川 國芳] (1798 – 1861). Signed: Ichiyûsai Kuniyoshi ga [一勇斎 國芳戯画] (drawn by Ichiyūsai Kuniyoshi) in a red double-gourd cartouche with a kiri-mon seal beneath. Publisher: Ibaya Kyūbei [伊場屋久兵衛] (Japanese, 1804 – 1851); seal [板元,久] – Hanmoto, Kyū; Marks 19-040|126e. Single nanushi censor seal: Mura [村] = Murata Sahei [村田佐右衛] (VI/1842 – V/1846). This series has five more known prints; some have Tanaka [田中] censor seal (I/1844–II/1845). Media: Fan print (uchiwa-e, 団扇絵), 230 x 297 mm.

Title: Flower calendar for the famous cherry blossoms (Hana goyomi meisho sakura) [花暦名所櫻]. A scene from an imaginary (mitate) kabuki play. Names of the characters (left to right): Kiyomizu/Shimizu Seigen [清水清玄]; Yakko (footman) Yodohei [奴淀平]; koshimoto (court lady) [こしもと];  Sakura hime (princess) [桜姫]. The same characters appear in a few real kabuki plays. Artist: Utagawa Hiroshige [歌川 広重] a.k.a. Andō Hiroshige [安藤 広重] (Japanese, 1797 – 1858) Signature: Hiroshige ga [廣重画] Dimensions: Aiban yoko-e uchiwa-e, 232 x 295 mm. Censor seal: "Mura" [村] for Murata Sahei [村田佐兵衛], used from VI/1842 to V/1846 (Tenpō 13 – Kōka 3). Publisher: Enshūya Matabei [遠州屋又兵衛] (Enterprise, active c. 1768 – 1881); seal: "To" (ト) (Marks 01-031 | 057a). [Thanks to Horst Graebner].